ࡱ> ;=:a njbjb11 $&[[n.......~     ~g: : : : : : : : ,Ro\ .: : : : : b ..: : !b b b : ^.: .: b B$f....: b b :V,... E0  70gRb b .~~$d~~Helen Smith Heather Schultz October 9, 2007 The Changing Structure of International Law: Sovereignty Transformed? Classic Sovereignty: two dimensions -Internal person, or political body, est. as sovereign rightly exercises supreme command over particular society -External assertion that there is no final and absolute authority above and beyond the sovereign state -Emergence of society of states aka Westphalian regime new conception of international law Developments of regime: conferred on heads of state or govt the capacity to enter into agreements with the representatives of other states without regard to the constitutional standing of such figures interstate law was indifferent to the form of national political organization creation of a disjuncture between the organizing principles of national and international affairs delegitimation of all those groups and non-state actors who sought to contest territorial boundaries Liberal International System -Origin of new international regulation democratization further challenged classic regime Rules of warfare and weaponry -While war cannot be completely abolished, some of the worst consequences can be avoided for soldiers and citizens alike. -Even though multilateral conventions governing war date back to the Declaration of Paris in 1856, todays general acknowledgement that there is a law of humanity attempts to prevent unwarranted cruelty or other actions affronting public morality. -The international laws of war and weapons control have shaped and helped nurture a global infrastructure of conflict and armaments regulation. War crimes and the role of the individual -An individual has a higher obligation to moral issues than obligation as a citizen of the state. -Nuremberg Trials the first time in history when international rules that protect basic humanitarian values were in conflict with state laws; even obedience to explicit national legislation provides no protection against international law -Recently there have been proposals for an international criminal court, but objections by the US (for fear American soldiers would be the target of politically motivated prosecutions) have delayed this goal. -Rules of war and human rights law based on 1. amount of rejection of the doctrine of legitimate power as effective control 2. replacement by international rules that entrench basic humanitarian values as a criteria for legitimate govt Human rights, democracy and minority groups -Human rights regime: 1. constitutive human rights agreements -overlapping global, regional and national conventions and institutions have promoted and actively sought to implement human rights throughout regions of the world 2. role of self-determination and the democratic principle that were central to framework of decolonization -there is a notable tendency in human rights agreements to entrench the notion that a legitimate state must be a state that uphold certain core democratic values 3. recent recognition of the rights of minority groups -the intensification of interethnic conflict has created an urgent sense that specific minorities need protection -Changes in human rights law placed individuals, govts, and nongovernmental organizations under new systems of legal regulation regulation that, in principle, is indifferent to state boundaries. -States my forfeit claims to sovereignty if they violate the standards and values imbedded in the liberal international order beginning of universal constitutional order -States competencies and capacities are being reconstituted or reconfigured, not merely eroded. Environmental Law -Recently, international law has recognized that environmental issues are a global concern and need to be dealt with as whole (not only state specific) -Common heritage of mankind new concept about the exclusion of a right of appropriation, the duty to use resources in the interest of the whole humanity, and the duty to explore and exploit resources for peaceful purposes only -Trouble still faces international organizations making sure these environmental standards are upheld Achievements of Liberal Sovereignty -States are locked into diverse, overlapping, political legal domains that can be thought of as an emerging multilayered political system -A legitimate state must increasingly be understood through the language of democracy and human rights -International organizations have attempted to divide political authority so a single ruler is unlikely Assessment of Liberal Sovereignty impact of legal and political changes must acknowledge their highly differentiated character spreading hold of the regime of liberal international sovereignty creates higher risk of arrogance in a govt with a sole ruler (there will be spillover consequences a single ruler will not see) problem with these consequences marked by overlapping communities of fate - where the trajectories of each country are more intertwined than ever before. 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